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The Kingdom of Bali refer to a series of Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms that once ruled some parts of the volcanic island of Bali, in Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia. With history of native Balinese kingship spanned from early 10th to early 20th century, Balinese kingdoms demonstrate sophisticated Balinese court culture where native elements of spirit and ancestral reverence combined with Hindu influences — adopted from India through ancient Java intermediary — flourished, enriched and shaped the Balinese culture. Because of its proximity and close cultural relations with the neighbouring Java island during Indonesian Hindu-Buddhist period, the history of Bali Kingdom was often intertwined and heavily influenced by its Javanese counterparts, from Medang c. 9th century to Majapahit empire in 13th to 15th century. Javanese influences and presences grew even stronger prompted with the fall of Majapahit empire in the late 15th century. As Java began its conversion to Islam, numbers of Hindu Majapahit courtiers, nobles, priests and artisans, found refuge in the island of Bali, thus making Bali as a bastion and the last sanctuary of Hindu Dharmic civilisation of ancient Java. The Balinese Kingdom in subsequent centuries, would expanded their influence to neighbouring islands. Balinese Kingdom of Gelgel for example would extended their influences to Blambangan region in eastern end of Java, neighbouring island of Lombok, as far as western part of Sumbawa island, while Karangasem would established their rule on western Lombok in later period. Since the mid 19th century, the colonial state of Dutch East Indies began its involvements in Bali, as they launched their campaign against Balinese minor kingdoms one by one. By the early 20th century, the Dutch has completed their conquest of Bali as these minor kingdoms fell under their control, either by force resulted in ''Puputan'' fighting followed by mass ritual suicide, or surrendered graciously to the Dutch. Either ways, despite some of these Balinese royal houses still survived, this events has ended a millennia of native Balinese independent kingdom, as the local government changed to Dutch colonial administration, and later to provincial government of Bali within the Republic of Indonesia. ==Early kingdom== (詳細はPaleolithic times (1 my BCE to 200.000 BCE), testified by the finding of ancient tools such as hand axes were found in Sembiran and Trunyan villages in Bali.〔Bali Museum notice〕〔(''Archaeology: Indonesian perspective'' Truman Simanjuntak p.163 )〕 Followed by Mesolithic period (200.000-3.000 BCE), however the ancestors of current Balinese inhabitants reached the island around 3000 to 600 BCE during Neolithic period, characterised by rice-growing technology and speaking Austronesian languages. Bronze Age period follows, from around 600 BCE to 800 CE. The historical period in Bali started c. 8th century, marked by the discovery of inscribed Buddhist votive clay tablets. These Buddhist votive tablets, found in small clay stupa figurines called "stupikas", are the first known written inscriptions in Bali and date from around the 8th century CE.〔 Such stupikas have been found in the regency of Gianyar, in the villages of Pejeng, Tatiapi and Blahbatuh.〔 The bell-shaped stupikas bears resemblances to the style of the 8th century stupas of Central Javanese Buddhist art found in Borobudur and other Buddhist temples dated from that period, which suggested the Sailendra link to the Buddhist pilgrims or inhabitant of early Bali's history. In the early 10th century, Sri Kesari Warmadewa created the Belanjong pillar inscription found near the southern strip of Sanur beach. It was the oldest written inscription created by a ruler found in Bali. The pillar dated according to the Indian Saka calendar, in the year 836 ''saka'' (914 CE).〔(''The people of Bali'' Angela Hobart p. 24 )〕 According to the inscription, Sri Kesari was a Buddhist king of the Sailendra Dynasty that led a military expedition,〔''Bali handbook with Lombok and the Eastern Isles by Liz Capaldi, Joshua Eliot p.98 ()〕 to establishing a Mahayana Buddhist government in Bali.〔(''Bali & Lombok'' Lesley Reader, Lucy Ridout p.156 )〕 Two other inscription by Kesari are known in the interior Bali, which suggest conflicts in the mountainous interior of the island. Sri Kesari is considered as the founder as the Warmadewa dynasty, the earliest known ruler of Bali, which prospered for several generations prior to Javanese expansion. It seems that the centre of early court of Bali was first located in Sanur area east of today Denpasar city, and later the political, religious and cultural centre would moved inland to the north, clustered around southern plain within today Gianyar Regency. More precisely in the old royal centre in Bedulu, near Goa Gajah and Gianyar. The stone cave temple and bathing place of Goa Gajah near Ubud in Gianyar, was made around the same period. It shows a combination of Buddhist and Hindu Shivaite iconography. Several carving of stupas, stupikas (small stupas), and image of Boddhisattvas suggested that Warmadewa dynasty was the patron of Mahayana Buddhism. Nevertheless, Hinduism is also practised in Bali during this period. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Bali Kingdom」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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